Ground weather survey
A ground weather survey is divided into report observation and climate observation. The regular observation as which report observation was determined by WMO (World Meteorological Organization) is in the mainstream. With the indicator of WMO, it is supposed that a ground weather survey is carried out at intervals of 150 km or less, and Japan is also carrying out regular observation in every 3 hours in conformity with this observation standard at about 60 places across the country. Observed time is performed every 3 hours on the basis of 00UTC between universal time. Extraordinary observation may be performed when, such as the time of approach of a typhoon, required. The observed result is reported by the form which is called an international weather report type and which was unified internationally, and are internationally exchanged in data. Here, the observation item of report observation is introduced.
Maritime meteorology observation
Observation is performed by a weather ship, sea meteorological buoy, etc. also at sea. an observation item four elements (precipitation, temperature, a wind direction and wind velocity, daylight hours) in addition, sea surface temperature and a billow are also observed. Sea surface temperature means the temperature of the sea water where the depth from a sea surface to 1-2 m was mixed well. Moreover, the Ariyoshi wave quantity is measured in a billow. This is the height which extracted and averaged 1/3 from the high thing of wave quantity while there was a wave of various height. It is said that this Ariyoshi wave quantity is in agreement with average wave quantity when it sees by people's eye generally.
Upper air observation
In order to grasp the state of the weather, just terrestrial observation is insufficient. In order to observe the sky, rawinsonde observation is performed now. This is performed using the observation equipment called a radiosonde. A radiosonde flies to the sky the instrument which measures atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity with the balloon filled up with hydrogen gas. Measurement data is transmitted to a terrestrial observation institution by an electric wave. The altitude of a sonde is measured from the equation and gas equation of a statics balance using the observed atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity. moreover, the direction of the electric wave transmitted (a level direction, an advanced angle) I will solve the altitude obtained by carrying out shows the air pattern of a sonde. It is asking for the wind (wind direction - wind velocity) high up in the sky in analyzing this air pattern. In WMO, ashore it is referred to as 300 km, it is based on observation about a 1000-km interval at sea, and observation is performed by 18 upper air observation government offices and four marine weather observation ships in Japan. Observed time is 00UTC and 12UTC, and is performed all at once in the world (however, since that a radiosonde goes up the sky takes time, a sonde is flown about 30 minutes before observed time in fact). A radiosonde observes to an altitude of about 30 km. About the temperature measured by a sonde, the rise in heat of the measurement apparatus by a solar light hitting may serve as a big error. Therefore, compensation of the temperature solar Hikaru's part is performed.
